M  ^wiRgiTY  or  cauforniaI 
OCT    c;iM7       nJ 

LAI 


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^EROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    ELEVENTH 
MICHIGAN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE 


HELD  AT  ANN  ARBOR  ON  THE  THIRTIETH 
AND  THIRTY- FIRST  DAYS  OF  MARCH,  ONE 
THOUSAND      NINE     HUNDRED      AND      FI^E 


UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 
ANN  ARBOR 
1905 


I^CHAN^g 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  ELEVENTH  CLASSICAL  CONFER- 
ENCE HELD  AT  ANN  ARBOR,  MICHIGAN,  MARCH 
30   AND    31,  1905. 

The  Eleventh  Classical  Conference  was  held  in  Ann  Arbor,  Michi- 
gan, on  Thursday  and  Friday,  March  30  and  31,  1905,  in  connection 
with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Michigan  Schoolmasters'  club. 
All  the  sessions  of  the  Conference  were  for  the  first  time  held  in  Sarah 
Caswell  Angell  hall,  which  will  probably  be  th(;  regular  place  of  meet- 
ing in  Ann  Arbor  hereafter.  There  was  a  good  attendance,  represen- 
tatives being  present  from  many  high  schools  and  private  schools, 
several  normal  schools,  and  a  dozen  colleges  and  universities  in  the 
states  of  Michigan,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Pennsylvania,  New 
York  and  New  Jersey. 

The  regular  sessions  of  Thursday  morning  (commencing  at  eight 
o'clock),  Thursday  afternoon  and  Friday  afternoon  were  given  to  the 
reading  and  discussion  of  papers.  Thursdaj'  afternoon  at  4:30  o'clock 
Professor  Andrew  F.  West,  of  Princeton  University,  gave  an  address 
on  "The  Lost  Parts  of  Latin  Literature";  on  Thursday  evening,  a 
joint  session  of  the  Classical  and  Modern  lianguage  conferences  was 
held,  to  listen  to  an  address  by  Professor  William  Gardner  Hale,  of 
the  University  of  Chicago,  on  "Prevailing  Methods  in  the  Study  of 
Mood-Syntax  in  the  Indo-European  Languages,"  which  was  preceded 
by  an  interpretation  of  the  remains  of  ancient  Greek  music.  At  the 
close  of  the  address  an  informal  reception  was  held  in  the  parlors  of 
the  Barbour  Gymnasium. 

At  three  o'clock  on  Friday,  Professor  Arthur  Fairbanks,  of  the 
University  of  Iowa,  delivered  before  the  conference  an  illustrated  lee-' 
ture  on  "The  Elusinian  Mysteries";  and  at  four  o'clock  the  audience 
was  favored  with  another  lecture,  also  illustrated,  by  Professor  James 
C.  Egbert,  of  Columbia  University,  on  "The  Ara  Pacis  of  Augustus  and 
its  Restorations." 

The  presiding  officers  of  the  various  sessions  were :  Thursday  morn- 
ing. Professor  Francis  W.  Kelsey,  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
Thursday  afternoon.  Principal  Lawrence  C.  Hull,  of  Michigan  Military 
Academy;  Thursday  evening,  Professor  A.  G.  Canfield,  of  the  Depart- 


98C548 


4  MICHIG/IN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE 

merit  of  Roi^nanco  Languages,  University  of  Michigan;  and  Friday 
afternoon.  Professor  R.  M.  Wenley,  of  the  Department  of  Philosophy, 
Univorsity  of  Michigan. 

Five  of  the  speakers  made  use  of  illustrations  with  the  stereopticon ; 
and  two  others  presented  large  and  carefully  prepared  drawings.  Two 
of  the  papers,  by  Professor  R.  M.  Wenley  and  Mr.  Edwin  L.  Miller, 
which  had  been  prepared  for  the  Classical  conference,  were  read  at 
the  general  sessions  of  the  Schoolmasters'  club  on  Friday  and 
Saturday  mornings. 

In  the  following  Proceedings  references  are  given  to  the  place  of 
publication  of  the  papers  that  have  already  appeared  in  print,  and 
brief  summaries  are  given  of  the  rest. 

1 .  In  the  Footsteps  of  Caesar  in  Gaul :  Gergovia,*  by  Principal  George 
R.  Swain,  Bay  City  High  school. 

This  paper  is  the  last  of  a  series  (see  the  School  Review,  vol.  X,  pp.  392- 
394,  vol.  XI,  pp.  407,  416-417)  illtistrated  by  stereopticon  slides  from 
original  negatives,  made  by  Principal  Swain  in  the  summer  of  1899.  The 
sixty  slides  presented  comprised  not  only  landscapes  of  unusual  sharpness  of 
definition,  but  also  maps  showing  the  point  of  view  and  plans  illustrating 
the  military  operations. 

2.  Ten  Classical  Conferences:  A  Retrospect,  by  Professor  Francis  W. 

Kelsey,  University  of  Michigan. 

This  paper  is  published  in  full  in  the  School  Review,  vol.  13  (1905),  pp. 
423-428. 

3.  Do  Latin  and  Greek  need  something  done  for  them  in  the  schools? 
by  Principal  J.  Remsen  Bishop,  Eastern  High  school,  Detroit. 

Published  in  the  School  Review,  vol.  13  (1905),  pp.  689-695. 

Mr.  Bishop's  paper  was  discussed  by  Professor  B.  L.  D'Ooge,  of  the  State 
Normal  College  at  Ypsilanti,  Superintendent  Slauson  of  Ann  Arbor,  and  the 
chairman.  All  were  of  the  opinion  that  in  schools  where  teachers  of  Latin  do 
'  their  duty  in  directing  the  attention  of  Latin  pupils  to  the  claims  of  Greek, 
the  subject  will  not  suffer  from  lack  of  support;  apart  from  the  question  of 
culture  values,  few  subjects  are  so  attractive  to  the  best  minds  as  Greek  when 
properly  taught. 

4.  Roman  Brickstamps:  Their  Form,  Significance  and  Value,  by 

Principal  Irving  B.  Hunter,  West  Bay  City  High  school. 

Roman  bricks  were  square,  oblong,  triangular,  or  occasionally  round, 
and  varied  in  size  from  nine  inches  to  two  feet  on  a  side.     The  stamps  on  the 

*inustrated  with  the  stereopticon. 


MICHIGAN  CL/ISSIC/iL  CONFERENCE  5 

bricks  contain  interesting  and  valuable  data,  such  as  the  name  of  the  kiln,  the 
names  of  those  concerned  in  making  or  selling  the  bricks,  and  sometimes  the 
names  of  the  consuls.  The  most  common  form  of  stamp  is  the  one  midway 
between  the  crescent  and  the  round.  It  was  made  by  cutting  out  of  a  large 
circle  a  smaller  circle  called  the  orbiculus,  the  size  of  which  is  helpful  in  deter- 
mining the  date  of  the  stamp. 

The  letters  are  usually  raised,  sometimes  incised,  and  in  the  early  period 
are  large  and  plain  but  later  are  smaller  and  more  ornamental.  The  signacu- 
lum,  or  stamping  instrument,  probably  consisted  of  hard  wood.  The  use  of 
movable  type  is  improbable.  In  the  center  of  many  stamps  appear  figures  of 
deities,  palm  branches,  leaves,  stars,  and  other  devices.  Sometimes  these 
were  the  trade  marks  of  the  kilns  but  more  often  they  were  apparently  used 
merely  for  ornament.  A  brick  kiln,  figlinae,  usually  consisted  of  several 
departments  called  officinae.  the  expressions  "ex  figlinis,"  "ex  officina,"  and 
"de' '  or  "ex  praedis,"  are  often  found  on  the  stamps.  The  bricks  and  tiles 
of  the  first  century  A.  D.  are  generally  designated  by  the  words  "opus  do- 
liare' '  or  by  "doliare"  alone. 

Most  of  the  bricks  used  in  Rome  were  made  in  kilns  situated  outside  of 
Rome,  along  the  chief  highways.  Bricks  wesre  exported  from  the  vicinity  of 
Rome  to  all  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean.  In  determining  the  age  of 
buildings,  brick  stamps  are  of  great  assistance,  especially  those  upon  the 
large  two- foot  tiles.  Small  bricks  or  triangular  tiles  used  in  overlaying  walls 
are  not  so  reliable. 

The  form  of  the  stamp  is  of  value  in  dating  it.  Those  of  the  rectangular 
form  belong  to  the  last  century  of  the  republic  or  to  the  first  century  A.  D. 
To  the  period  beginning  with  the  reign  of  Claudius  and  ending  with  the  close 
of  the  first  century  A.D.,  may  be  assigned  the  semicircular  and  crescent  shaped 
stamps,  also  the  round  stamps  with  but  one  line.  In  crescent  shaped  stamps, 
the  sign  of  the  "  orbiculus' '  decreases  as  time  goes  on.  Another  indication  of 
age  is  the  length  of  the  inscriptions ;  in  the  early  period  they  are  short  but  later 
they  become  longer.  Judging  from  the  number  of  those  who  were  engaged  in 
it,  we  may  inter  that  the  brick  business  was  very  lucrative. 

5.     Some  Roman  Brickstamps  from  the  Collection  of  the  University 
of  Michigan,  by  Mr.  Hemy  M.  Gelston,  Bay  City  High  school. 

The  collection  of  Roman  brick  stamps  belonging  to  the  University  of 
Michigan  contains  nearly  five  hundred  specimens,  varying  in  date  from  the 
early  empire  to  the  time  of  Dicocletian. 

Mr.  Gelston  presented  six  large  drawings  showing  typical  brick 
stamps,  which  he  interpreted;  the  originals  were  submitted  for  examination 
during  the  intermission  which  followed.  The  stamps  chosen  for  special  com- 
ment were  those  noted  by  Dressel,  C.  I.  L.  XV,  1097  f,  1 108,  585  b,  79,  664  a, 
169  a. 

In  the  discussion  following  this  paper  attention  was  called  to  the  import- 
ance of  the  subject  in  relation  to  the  history  of  Roman  art;  a  study  of  the 
brick  stamps  has  shown,  for  example,  that  the  Pantheon  in  Rome,  formerlj- 
accepted  as  an  architectual  standard  for  the  age  of  Augustus,  in  its  present 
form  dates  from  the  reign  of  Hadrian,  and  all  deductions  based  upon  its  attri- 


6  MICHIGAN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE 

bution  to  an  earlier  period  are  erroneotis. 

6.  Some  Poetic  Uses  of  Gsographical  Expressions  in  Latin,  by  Pro- 

fessor C.  F.  Ross,  Allegheny  college. 

Every  teacher  has  felt  the  inadequacy  of  his  student's  knowledge  of 
geographical  and  other  proper  names.  The  defect  is  due  primarily  to  the  fact 
that  the  student  has  never  become  conscious  that  the  proper  name  is  as  much 
a  subject  for  study  as  any  other  part  of  his  Latin  text,  and  not  because  the 
subject  is  inherently  difficult.  The  method  of  the  poets  in  using  geographical 
terms  is  not  only  a  profitable  but  an  essential  field  of  inquiry  if  the  reader 
would  respond  to  the  imaginative  diction  of  the  poet. 

The  associative  use  of  such  terms,  based  on  the  mental  law  of  suggestion, 
is  the  most  frequent.  The  tendency  of  certain  apt  expressions  to  become 
conventional  and  the  growth  of  allvisive  language  has,  because  of  the  meager- 
ness  of  the  Latin  tongue,  been  carried  to  the  extreme.  The  name  of  a  place 
at  once  suggests  the  name  of  a  person  connected  with  the  place,  or  with  entire 
loss  of  local  sense,  a  quality  for  which  the  locality  or  the  inhabitants  have 
become  known.  The  same  tendency  produces  standing  epithets  which  may 
even  persist  after  their  appropriateness  has  passed  away,  '^he  Alexandrine 
movement  with  its  excessive  striving  after  new  effects  carriea  the  associative 
tendency  to  absurd  lengths  and  produced  much  of  the  pedantic  and  obscure 
learning  in  geographical  reference  in  the  Augustan  and  post  Augustan  ages. 

The  poets,  especially  Horace,  use  geographical  terms  freely  to  make  their 
statements  specific,  to  avoid  the  general  and  abstract  terms  fatal  to  poetry, 
and  to  create  a  clear  imaginative  picture.  Directions,  quarters  of  the  earth, 
sweep  of  territory,  are  poetically  indicated  by  concrete  typical  names. 

There  is  little  evidence  that  the  poets  felt  the  charm  of  local  names  as  a 
reflection  of  the  picturesque  in  nature,  as  Wordsworth  does.  The  appreciation 
of  the  gentler  aspects  of  nature  is  largely  modem. 

Nor  can  the  student  gain  much  scientific  knowledge  of  geography  from 
the  poets,  for  they  wrote  not  at  geographers  but  as  poets,  and  scientific  accu- 
racy is  not  essential  to  the  purpose  of  poetry.  This  lack  of  knowledge  and  of 
accuracy  naturally  gives  rise  to  numerous  errors  and  inconsistencies  in  geogra- 
phy, but  it  is  not  necessarily  fatal  to  the  art  of  the  poet.  To  appreciate  the 
mental  picture  the  writer  is  trying  to  paint,  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
poet's  use  of  geography  is  essential. 

The  paper  was  discussed  by  Professor  Charles  Knapp,  who  attributed  to 
the  ancients  closer  sympathy  with  nature  than  seemed  to  be  implied  by  the 
speaker. 

7.  Pompeian  Wall  Scribblings,  by  Miss  Louise  M.  Breitenbach,  Liggett 
school,  Detroit. 

This  paper  will  soon  be  published  in  the  School  Review. 

8.  The  Municipal  Senate  in  the  African  Provinces,  by  Dr.  T.  L. 

Comparette,  Hicksville,  Ohio. 
This  paper  was  read  by  title. 


MICHIG/IN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE  7 

9.  Imperial   Methods  of   Inscription  on   Buildings:   Augustus   and 
Hadrian,  by  Dr.  Duane  Reed  Stuart,  University  of  Michigan. 

Published  in  full  in  the  American  Jovimal  of  Archaeology, vol.  9  (1905). 

10.  The  Value  of  a  Year  in  Italy  for  the  Training  of  a  Latin  Teacher, 
by  Miss  Fannie  E.  Sabin,  State  Normal  school,  De  Kalb,  Illinois. 

"The  value  of  such  an  experience  as  the  one  under  discussion"  said 
Miss  Sabin,  "must,  of  course,  be  summed  up  in  relative  terms;  what  is  true 
of  one  student  in  this  connection,  will  not  be  true,  perhaps,  of  another. 
Each  of  us  must  tell  his  own  story.  I  should  like,  then,  to  discuss  the  ques- 
tion from  the  point  of  view  of  my  own  experience  at  the  American  School  in 
Rome  during  the  year  1 900-1,  and  the  meaning  it  has  had  for  me  since. 
Briefly  speaking,  the  value  of  a  year  in  Italy,  as  it  seemis  to  me,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  American  School  (and  the  average  student  plans  his  year 
abroad  with  this  as  his  objective  point),  may  be  summed  up  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads:" 

I.  A  Certain  Actual  Knowledge  of  Things  Pertaining  to  Latin.  It 
is  as  true  today  as  in  the  time  of  Horace,  that  things  coming  to  one  through 
"the  faithful  eye"  mean  more  than  those  one  hears  about.  Especially  is 
this  true  in  matters  of  geography,  topography  and  history. 

II.  A  Feehng  and  Enthusiasm  for  Latin  Literature,  which  comes  from 
reading  it  on  the  spot  in  the  midst  of  its  original  setting.  It  becomes  more 
intelligible,  more  alive,  and  the  student  goes  back  to  America  with  illus- 
trated editions  of  his  Latin  authors — editions,  which,  as  the  years  go  on, 
come  to  be  a  source  of  the  greatest  pleasvire  and  satisfaction  to  him;  for,  on 
every  page  there  will  "flash  upon  his  inward  eye"  the  blue  sky  of  Italy, 
Greece  or  Sicily,  as  the  background  for  his  text,  and  with  all  its  scenes  he 
will  have  a  wealth  of  personal  associations  which  will  make  the  reading  of 
Latin  a  different  thing  from  what  it  ever  was  before. 

III.  A  General  Culture,  apart  from  Latin,  through  an  Acquaintance 
with  Italy  itself. 

It  is  no  small  thing,  from  the  point  of  view  of  culture,  to  live  for  a  year 
in  such  a  land  as  Italy.  The  experience  offers  the  widest  opportunities  for 
an  all  around  growth  and  development  through  the  following  channel.'  • 

1.  Acquaintance  with  the  people  themselves. 

2.  A  vital  knowledge  of  history  and  institutions. 

3.  Acquaintance  with  art. 

4.  New  appreciation  of  such  English  poetry  as  that  of  the  Brownings, 
for  example,  filled  with  references  to  Italy. 

IV.  Stimvdation. 

The  student  has  had  his  curiosity  excited  along  various  lines  which  he 
has  not  had  time  to  follow  out  in  Rome.  He  goes  back  to  America,  keen 
for  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  in  these  various  directions.  He  has  a  host  of 
interests  now,  where,  perhaps,  he  had  few  before.  He  wants  to  do  things, 
which,  until  now  he  has  never  dreamed  of  doing.  Is  not  this  significant 
from  the  point  of  view  of  growth? 

"In  conclusion,  it  seems  to  me,  that  while  a  year  in  Italy  may   not 


8  MICHIG/IN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE 

always  pay,  in  the  way  of  money,  or  professional  advancement  for  the 
teacher,  it  does  pay  in  the  one  respect  which  is  infinitely  more  worth  while 
than  any  other,  namely,  that  it  has  given  him  a  sense  of  personal  satisfaction 
and  pleasure  in  his  work  that  makes  the  teaching  of  Latin  a  constant  joy. 
Nor  does  he  stand  still,  for  about  and  beyond  him  wider  vistas  are  con- 
stantly opening.  He  has  'levelled  one  lift',  but  he  sees  others  ahead.  To 
him,  as  to  Whitman,  there  are  still  'endless  announcements.' 

11.     The  Social  Structure  of  Gaul  in  the  Time  of  Caesar,  by  Principal 
Ira  A.  Beddow,  Olivet  college. 

There  are  several  reasons  for  believing  that  the  organization  by  kin- 
dreds prevailed  in  Gaul: 

I.  This  form  of  social  structure  has  been  found  universal  among 
barbarous  peoples  now  in  existence. 

II.  It  is  described  in  the  Vedas,  in  Homer,  in  the  Roman  legends, 
and  in  the  writings  of  Tacitus  and  Caesar  regarding  Germany. 

III.  Survivals  of  such  kindred  organization  are  found  at  the  present 
day  in  the  case  of  peoples  well  advanced  in  civilization,  notably  in  the 
Russian  mir  and  the  village  community  of  India. 

IV.  The  ancient  laws  of  Wales  and  Ireland  show  that  the  gentile 
organization  prevailed  in  those  Celtic  communities. 

V.  There  are  statements  in  Caesar's  Gallic  War  which,  interpreted 
in  the  light  of  the  investigations  of  the  last  forty  years,  would  seem  to  indi- 
cate that  the  same  kindred  organization  so  universal  in  primitive  society, 
existed  also  in  Gaul. 

The  first  social  group  mentioned  by  Caesar  is  the  family  proper,  the 
husband  and  wife  or  wives,  and  the  children  (L.  vi.,  19).  The  second 
social  group  mentioned  is  the  "propinqui"  or  "cognatio",  larger  than 
the  family  proper  (L.  v.,  4.).  This  group  sat  in  judgment  and  pun- 
ished crime  committed  against  a  member  (L,  vi.,  19.).  Its  strength  was  a 
source  of  power  in  the  "ci vitas"  (L.  vii.,  32.).  Its  members  were  demanded 
by  Caesar  as  hostages  as  being  most  likely  to  hold  a  powerful  chief  in  check, 
through  his  first  duty  to  his  kindred.  The  third  social  group  was  the 
"pagus"  or  tribe,  which  acted  independently  in  war  sometimes  (L.  I.,  12), 
which  acted  independently  sometimes  in  foreign  relations  (L.  iv.,  22.). 
The  fourth  social  group  was  the  "civitas"  or  confederation  though 
sometimes  the  word  is  probably  used  of  what  was  simply  a  pagus  or  tribe. 
It  appears  to  be  a  union  of  several  tribes  for  mutual  protection,  similar  in 
nature  to  the  confederation  of  the  Iroquois  or  Five  Nations  in  America. 

In  referring  to  the  territorial  divisions  of  the  Gauls,  Caesar  mentions 
"domus"  as  the  dwelling  of  those  connected  in  the  close  relations  of  the 
household;  "vicus"  or  "oppidum"  for  those  connected  in  a  looser  relation; 
"pagus"  and  "civitas".  It  seems  probable  that  the  house  was  the  dwelling 
of  the  family  proper,  the  village  that  of  the  kindred,  with,  perhaps,  such  "kin- 
shattered"  unfortunates  as  sought  the  protection  of  the  kindred  chief. 
The  pagus  was  a  union  of  several  such  kindreds  or  villages  and  towns. 

The  druids  and  eqviites  were  scattered  through  the  towns  and  villages  of 
Gaul   and   formed   the   chiefs  and   priests  of  kindreds,  and  their  relations 


MlCHIG/iN  CL/1SSIC/11  CONFERENCE  9 

with  the  people  of  the  villages  and  towns  were  far  more  intimate  than  with 
each  other  as  a  class.  Caesar's  statement  that  the  plebes  are  held  almost  in 
thi  condition  of  slaves  is  interpreted  by  statements  elsewhere  which  wotild 
seem  to  indicate  that  they  had  some  power  and  influence  over  their  chiefs. 
Outside  the  kindreds  in  the  class  which  Cassar  calls  the  plebes,  were  doubtless 
large  numbers  of  people  whom  the  ancient  Welsh  called  "kin-shattered"  or 
"  kin- wrecked." 

12.     Effect  of  Physiographic  Features  upon  the  Movement  of  Popu- 
lation,* by  Professor  C.  H,  Van  Tyne,  University  of  Michigan. 

Professor  VanTyne  talked  informally  with  reference  to  the  maps  and 
charts  thrown  on  the  screen  by  the  stereopticon.  Though  discussing  the 
question  in  its  application  to  American  history,  he  hoped  that  the  matter 
might  be  suggestiv*  to  students  of  the  classics.  The  method  might  be  used 
to  show  why  Greek  commerce  took  the  lines  that  it  did,  why  Roman  conquests 
moved  in  the  directions  and  followed  the  order  of  succession  that  they  did. 
It  would  show  that  all  roads  led  to  Rome  before  the  first  had  been  built. 

The  population  of  America  as  it  flowed  westward  from  the  Atlantic 
followed  the  arteries  made  ages  before  by  geologic  forces.  The  flood  which 
at  first  merely  trickled  through  the  mountain  passes  and  along  the  fertile 
river  beds  gradually  made  broader  channels.  The  slender  paths  of  the 
migrating  bison  and  of  aboriginal  intercoiirse,  were  deepened  by  the  tread 
of  the  fur  trader,  broadened  by  the  westward  moving  pioneer,  and  at  last 
became  government  highwaj^s,  and  ovur  great  modem  railroad  lines.  One 
physical  attraction  after  another  drew  men  from  the  coast,  through  the 
mountains,  over  the  plains  and  the  great  western  plateau  to  the  Pacific 
slope,  and  the  sea  again.  The  exploitation  of  fur  animals  drew  the  trader 
west,  the  rich  grass  lands  tempted  the  ranchman  west,  virgin  soils  of  the 
prairie  and  river  valleys  drew  the  farmers  west  and  at  last  the  coal  and  iron 
fields  brought  the  maniifactiu-er  deep  into  the  heart  of  the  continent.  Even 
the  part  of  America  where  the  first  manufacturers  took  their  rise  had  been 
determined  ages  ago  by  the  old  Continental  glacier,  which  as  it  melted  and 
retired  toward  the  north  left  successive  terminal  moraines  that  caused  rapids 
to  be  formed  in  the  rivers  of  the  northern  Atlantic  coast,  which  furnished 
the  early  waterpower.  Again  the  lakes  formed  by  the  retreating  glacier 
modified  the  climate  of  the  north  and  helped  to  diversify  the  industries 
which  made  the  European  immigrant  find  stronger  temptations  to  settle 
in  the  north  than  in  the  south. 

The  first  settlements  upon  the  Atlantic  seaboard  were  made  along  the 
rivers  flowing  into  the  sea.  All  these  were  drowned  rivers — the  ocean  tide 
being  felt  as  far  as  Albany,  Trenton  and  Richmond  and  the  colonies  planted 
on  their  banks  had  direct  communications  with  the  sea.  The  territory  thtis 
favored  was  closely  populated  before  men  began  to  settle  in  the  back  lands 
above  the  first  falls  of  the  river  which  made  direct  intercourse  with  the  sea 
impossible.  Then  the  Appalachian  barrier — a  broad  series  of  parallel  ranges 
extending  from  New  England  to  northern  Georgia — blocked  the  way  for  a 

*lllustrated  with  the  stereopticon. 


10  MICHIGAN  CL4SSIC/IL  CONFERENCE 

time.  The  only  natural  openings  westward  were  the  Mohawk  valley  blocked 
by  the  Iroquois  Indians,  and  the  plains  between  the  south  end  of  the  moun- 
tain sytem  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  barred  by  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees.  At 
last  this  barrier  was  penetrated  at  Cumberland  Gap,  and  further  southward, 
and  the  finding  of  salt  springs  and  fertile  limestone  soil  in  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee  tempted  the  early  pioneers.  Then  to  follow  the  alluvial  valley  of 
the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi  and  to  the  branch  off  up  the  Missouri,  the 
Arkansas  and  the  Red  was  merely  to  go  to  the  point  of  least  resistance. 

These  movements  of  the  American  population  were  illustrated  by  maps 
and  charts  showing  the  great  physiographic  features  of  North  America,  the 
coastal  plain,  the  Piedmont  plateau,  the  Appalachian  system, and  the  vast 
Mississippi  valley.  One  map  showed  the  several  life  zones,  another  the  loca- 
tion of  the  fertile  soils  and  the  salt-licks.  Other  maps  showed  the  early 
Indian  paths,  and  successive  maps  showed  the  gradual  evolution  of  these  into 
the  modern  railroad.  Population  maps  of  the  several  decades  exhibited  the 
frontier  line  advanced  or  retarded  by  the  physical  features  above  noted. 
Other  maps  for  limited  areas  explained  certain  local  phenomena  in  the  move- 
ment of  the  population. 

13.    The  Title  "Praetoria"  in  the  Roman  Navy,  by  Mr.  Orlando  O. 
Norris,  State  Normal  college,  Ypsilanti. 

One  of  the  several  questions  connected  with  a  study  of  Roman  naval 
history  is  when  the  title  "praetoria' '  became  applied  to  the  two  permanent 
Roman  fleets  at  Misenum  and  Ravenna.  In  a  diploma  of  discharge  granted 
the  veterans  of  Ravenna  in  71  A.  D.,  the  fleet  is  called  merely  "classis  Raven- 
natis."  In  our  next  extant  diploma  of  the  Italian  fleets,  dating  in  127,  the 
same  fleet  is  styled  "classis  praetoria  Ravennatis,"  and  thereafter  both  fleets 
are  almost  invaribly  known  as  praetorian.  It  is  evident,  then,  that  the  title 
was  given  to  the  fleets  at  some  time  between  these  dates.  Practically  the 
only  sources  of  value  for  a  study  of  the  questions  are  epigraphic,  and  these  are 
very  meager  for  this  period. 

At  least  three  prominent  studies  of  this  question  have  been  made,  by 
Fiebiger,  Vernazza,  and  Chapot.  Fiebiger  credits  Vespasian  with  having 
granted  the  title  shortly  after  his  victory  over  Vitellius  in  69.  Vernazza 
claims  that  Trajan  granted  it  in  103  in  reward  for  services  rendered  in  his 
firstDacian  campaign.  Chapot  refuses  to  venture  a  decision  upon  such 
meager  evidence,  but  later  states  that  it  could  well  be  placed  in  the  first  cen- 
tury. 

Out  of  314  inscriptions  of  these  two  fleets  bearing  the  word  "classis," 
only  sixteen  omit  the  title,  of  which  seven  cannot  be  dated  at  all,  two  are 
much  later  than  127  and  the  other  seven  all  fall  before  the  end  of  Trajan's 
reign  in  117.  Of  the  298  inscriptions  bearing  the  title,  over  twenty  can  be 
dated  exactly  after  127,  and  a  number  of  others  can  be  shown  by  their  orthog- 
raphy or  otherwise  to  be  late.  Thus,  so  far  as  the  datable  inscriptions  are 
concerned,  the  title  seems  not  to  have  been  used  before  some  time  near  127, 
and  to  have  been  used  quite  invaribly  thereafter. 

The  only  record  of  positive  value  between  the  dates  7 1  and  127  is  a  sep- 


MICHIGAN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE  11 

ulchral  inscription  running  as  follows  (C,  I.  L.  X,  3346):  "Septimus  Imp- 
(eratoris)  Traiani  Caesaris  Aug(usti)  Genn(anici)  Dacici  ser(vus)  dis(pensator) 
classis  Flaviae  carae  coniugi  sanctissimae."  This  was  dedicated  by  a  slave  of 
Trajan,  paymaster  of  the  fleet,  to  his  wife.  The  title  "Dacicus"  dates  the 
inscription  after  102.  There  is  very  little  doubt  that  the  title  of  the  fleet 
would  appear  here  if  it  had  yet  been  given,  for  the  man  himself  gave  the 
directions  for  the  inscription,  and  would  have  omitted  none  of  his  titles  or 
marks  of  honor.  Moreover,  this  evidence  is  corroborated  by  the  fact  that 
Pliny  the  Younger,  writing  to  Tacitus  in  106  or  107  relating  the  particulars  of 
his  uncle,  the  Elder  Pliny's  death  in  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  while  admiral  of 
the  fleet  at  Misenum,  makes  no  mention  of  the  title.  This  letter  was  written 
to  a  historian  and  was  intended  to  serve  him  as  original  historical  matter;  it 
was  written  by  a  man  of  letters  and  of  affairs  who  would  both  know  and  appre- 
ciate the  value  of  such  a  title.  We  may  say  with  some  assurance,  then, 
that  the  title  was  not  given  before  ic2,  and  that  half  the  gap  from  71  to 
127  is  closed  up.  Furthermore,  it  is  much  more  likely  the  title  was  given  by 
Hadrian  than  by  Trajan,  as  a  study  of  the  character  of  the  two  men  and  the 
history  of  their  reigns  will  show. 

14.  Some  Points  in  the  Literary  Study  of  Virgil,  by  Professor  Charles 
Knapp,  Columbia  University. 

Published  in  full  in  the  School  Review,  vol.  13  (1905),  pp.  492-508. 

15.  Address — The   Lost   Parts   of   Latin   Literature,   by   I^rofessor 
Andrew  F.  West,  Princeton  university. 

Published  in  full  in  the  School  Review,  vol.  13  (1905),  pp.  371-381. 

16.  •  The  Remains  of  Ancient  Greek  Music,  and  an  experiment  with 

Latin  metres,  by  Professor  W,  H.  Wait,  University  of  Michigan, 
Professor  J.  R.  Nelson,  Lewis  Institute,  Chicago,  and  Miss  Leila 
H.  Farlin,  University  School  of  Music. 

The  interpretation  of  the  remains  of  Greek  music  was  preceded  by  brief 
explanatory  remarks  by  Professor  Kelsey,  who  said  that  it  is  well  worth 
while  to  have  the  scanty  fragments  of  Greek  melodies  sung  at  least  once  in 
five  years,  both  because  of  their  musical  value  and  because  of  their  technical 
interest  to  students  of  the  classics;  he  then  gave  an  account  of  the  selections 
to  be  presented,  and  translated  the  Greek  hymns.  The  following  programme 
was  then  render<.d.  Professor  A.  A.  Stanley  playing  the  accompaniments  on 
the  piano: 

PROGRAMME 

1 .  Hymn  to  Apollo         _         _         .         .         Harmonized  by  Gabriel  Faure 

PROFESSOR  WAIT 

2.  (i)     Hymn  to  Calliope 

(2)     Hymn  to  Nemesis         .         .         _         _         Harmonized  by  A.  A.  S. 
MISS  FARLIN 

3.  (1)     Fragment  of  First  Pythian  Ode  of  Pindar      Harmonized  by  A. A.  S. 


12  MICHIGAN  CLASSIC/1L  CONFERENCE 

(2)  Dirge  of  Sicilus  Harmonized  by  A.  A.  S. 

(3)  Hymn  to  Helios         -         -       Accompaniment  by  Fr.  Aug.  Gavaert 

PROFESSOR  WAIT 
4.     Mediaeval  Setting  of  Virgil's  Aeneid,  II.  ;?74-279and  281-287, 

Transcribed  by  Jules  Combarieu.     Harmonized  by  L.  D. 
PROFESSOR  NELSON 
5*     An  experiment  with  Hendecasyllabcs     (Catullus, 3:  Death  of  Lesbia's 
Sparrow)  F.  W.  K.     Harmonized  by  A.  A. 

MISS  FARLIN  S. 

17.  Address — Prevailing  Methods  in. the  Study  of  Mood-Syntax  in 
the  Indo-European  Languages :  Their  History  and  Their  Aim.  by 
Professor  William  Gardner  Hale,  University  of  Chicago. 

This  address  will  appear  in  vol.  Ill  of  "The  Proceedings  of  the  Inter- 
national Congress  of  Arts  and  Science  of  the  Universal  Exposition  of  1904." 

18.  The  Latest  Excavations  in  the  Roman  Forum,*  by  Professor 
Walter  Dennison,  University  of  Michigan. 

Published  with  illustrations  in  "  Records  of  the  Past,"  vol.  4  (1905),  pp. 
171-179. 

19.  Palaeographical  Miscellany,  by  Professor  John  M.  Burnam,  Uni- 
versity of  Cincinnati. 

Owing  to  the  unavoidable  absence  of  Professor  Burnam,  his  paper  was 
read  by  title.     It  treated  the  following  interesting  material: 

1.  A  partial  list  of  MSS,  chiefly  in  Italian  Libraries,  containing  the  so 
called  Lactantius  Scholia  to  Statius.  They  are  all  descended  from  not  more 
than  two  copies,  probably  of  the  XII-XIII  Century,  which  may  itself  be  a 
direct  copy  from  the  archetype.  The  latter  must  have  come  from  Spain, 
where  it  was  w^ritten  about  800-850  in  a  cursive  Visigothic  hand. 

2.  Two  leaves  from  a  Paris  MS  containing  a  fragment  ot  St.  Jerome  in 
Uncial  letters  saecc.  VII-VIII  of  the  Merovingian  type.  A  calculation  as  to 
the  original  size  of  the  page.     Leaves  not  mentioned  in  Delisle's  Inventaire. 

3.  A  Paris  Prudentius  fragment.  In  a  famous  MS  containing  a  num- 
ber of  well  known  grammatical  treatisees.  Date  about  780,  in  early 
Lombard  minuscules. 

4.  An  tinpublished  XlVth  Century  treatise  on  Tachygraphy,  from  a 
MS  in  the  Biblioteca  Nazionale  Vittorio  Emmanuele  (2,  3  and  4  are  accom- 
panied with  facsimiles  prepared  at  my  expense) . 

20.  The  Eleusinian  Mysteries,*  by  Professor  Arthur  Fairbanks,  Uni- 
versity of  Iowa. 

Of  all  the  forms  of  worship  in  ancient  Greece  the  mysteries  celebrated  at 
Eleusis  were  the  most  important.  They  have  often  been  misinterpreted 
because  a  mystery  suggests  to  us  a  secret  doctrine;  for  the  Greeks  it  meant 

*lllustrated  with  the  stereopticon* 


MICHIGAN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE  13 

rather  a  secret  ritxial  shared  only  by  the  initiated.  The  mysteries  of  Elevisis 
consisted  first  of  rites  intended  to  purify  those  who  were  to  take  part  and 
prepare  them  for  the  worship  of  Demeter.  Secondly  there  were  rites  at 
Eleusis  in  which  worshippers  were  brought  into  sympathy  with  Demeter  by 
sharing  dramatic  representations  of  the  sacred  legend  of  the  goddess.  Third- 
ly the  initiated  were  shown  scenes  of  the  futiire  life  intended  to  make  their 
belief  in  it  more  real  and  more  hopeful. 

The  mysteries  were  important  for  the  history  of  Greek  religion  because 
they  substitute  a  real  connection  of  the  individual  with  the  god  he  worshipped 
for  the  old  formal  state  worship.  This  meant  a  real  revival  of  personal  relig- 
ion, in  an  age  of  doubt  and  pessimism  it  put  new  meaning  into  life.  Farther 
the  mysteries  gave  a  distinct  turn  to  the  Greek  belief  in  the  immortality  of  the 
soul.  Those  who  shared  them  learned  that  the  gods  of  the  lower  world  were 
not  hateful  beings  whom  man  could  only  fear;  rather  they  were  gods  who 
cared  for  men.  They  learned  that  life  after  death  was  not  merely  an  empty 
shadow  of  the  life  they  were  enjoying  in  this  world.  Finally  the  scenes  rep- 
resenting the  reunion  of  Demeter  and  her  daughter  Persephone  were  so  used 
as  to  encourage  the  initiated  to  believe  that  they  would  have  a  happy  reunion 
with  their  loved  ones  after  death. 

21.    The  Ara  Pacis  of  Augustus,  and  Its  Restoration,*  by  Professor 
James  C.  Egbert,  Columbia  University. 

The  Altar  of  Peace  was  a  sanctuary  to  the  divinity  of  Peace  begun  by 
Octavianus,  the  later  Emperor  Augustus,  in  B.  C.  13,  and  dedicated  in 
January  B.  C.  9.  It  stood  for  the  fact  that  after  many  years  of  civil  war, 
peace  had  finally  been  established  throughout  the  Roman  world. 

It  was  not  a  simple  altar,  but  a  platform  38  feet  wide  and  35  feet  deep, 
approached  by  steps  on  four  sides.  This  platform  was  surrounded  by  an 
enclosed  wall  about  15  feet  high  composed  of  solid  blocks  of  marble,  with 
sculptured  reliefs  on  the  outside  and  inside.  On  the  upper  half  of  the  exte- 
rior, there  were  representations  of  a  sacrifice,  and  solemn  processions,  the 
figures  of  which  are  about  life  size.  Below  this  and  separated  from  it  by  a 
meander  pattern,  were  panels  covered  with  beautiful  spirals  and  curves  in 
flower  pattern.  On  the  inside  the  upper  half  was  carved  in  garlands  of 
fruits  and  flowers,  hanging  from  the  horns  of  bullocks'  heads.  The  lower 
half  was  cut  in  vertical  panels,  picturing  perhaps  a  fence  or  arbor.  Doors 
stood  in  the  east  and  west  faces. 

On  the  platform,  which  was  open  to  the  sky,  stood  an  altar  for  sacrifice 
to  the  Goddess  of  Peace,  to  whom  the  entire  monument  was  dedicated. 

This  monument  disappeared  in  the  early  middle  ages,  but  fracrments 
have  came  to  light  on  three  occasions,  twice  in  the  i6th  and  once  in  the  19th 
century.  In  August,  1903,  excavations  were  begun  on  the  supposed  site  of 
the  altar  under  the  Palazzo  Fiano-Ottoboni  and  the  substructure  of  the  altar 
which  was  found  to  be  16  feet  below  the  level  of  the  city,  was  laid  bare. 

The  various  fragments  were  scattered.  Some  are  in  Rome,  e.  g.,  at  the 
Museo  delle  Terme,  at  Florence  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery  and  in  Paris  in  the 
Louvre.     One  beautiful  panel  is  still  embedded  in  the  earth  under  the  old 

*JHustrated  with  the  stereopticon. 


14  MICHIGAN  CLASSICAL  CONFERENCE 

palace  and  can  only  be  extricated  when  the  fotindations  are  properly  support- 
ed. The  whole  structure  was  most  beautiful  in  design  and  execution  and 
gives  a  splendid  illustration  of  Roman  art  of  the  early  Imperial  period 

22.  The  Nature  of  Culture  Studies,  by  Professor  R.  M.  Wenley,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan. 

This  paper  is  published  in  full  in  the  School  Review,  vol.  13,  pp.  441-457. 

23.  The  Greek  in  English,  by  Mr.  Edwin  L.  Miller,  Englewood  High 
school,  Chicago. 

This  paper  is  published  in  full  in  the  School  Review,  vol.  13,  pp.  390-397 


I  v«  - 


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Gaylamount 

Pamphlet 

Binder 

Oarlord  Bro»..  I««. 

Stockton,  Calif. 
T.M.R««  U.8.P«t.0«. 


YD  OOC 


98(:548 


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